RESUMO Conhecimento sobre as práticas de produção da árvore é essencial para apoiar projetos de restauração florestal, mas é ainda insuficiente para muitas espécies arbóreas. Maytenus boaria é uma árvore neotropical distribuída pelas montanhas temperadas e subtropicais da América do Sul. No centro da Argentina, é majoritariamente restrita nos remanescentes de floresta mais preservados. Tentativas de plantar esta espécie tiveram pouco sucesso devido às dificuldades de produção de mudas e baixa sobrevivência das plântulas. Montamos quatro ensaios com o objetivo de identificar as restrições à produção de mudas e plantio de campo. Sob condições de estufa, avaliamos os tratamentos de (i) pré-germinação e (ii) resposta das plântulas à inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA). No campo, nós plantadas mudas de M. boaria, bem como mudas da árvore mais abundante em nosso local de estudo, e avaliamos a (iii) sobrevivência e altura por 10 anos. Finalmente, (iv) nós quantificamos o recrutamento natural em tentativa de determinar o nicho de regeneração da M. boaria. A germinação variou de 13,1 a 29,2% entre os tratamentos. Sementes sem a polpa estratificadas a 5 °C obtiveram a maior germinação (29,2%). Concentração de fósforo na parte aérea das mudas tratadas com FMA foi significativamente maior (45%) do que em mudas não inoculadas. Sobrevivência das mudas de M. boaria foi semelhante ao da árvore mais abundante em nosso local de estudo, mas sua baixa altura sugeriu crescimento limitado. Nós gravamos baixa abundância de plântulas de M. boaria no campo, portanto, não fomos capazes de identificar as características do seu nicho de regeneração. Atividades de reflorestamento devem incluir a retirada da polpa das sementes e estratificação a 5 °C para melhorar a germinação. A capacidade de FMA para melhorar a nutrição deve ser avaliada em condições de campo.

ABSTRACT Knowledge about tree production practices is essential to support forest restoration projects, but is still lacking for many tree species. Maytenus boaria is a neotropical tree distributed across the temperate and subtropical South American mountains. In central Argentina, it is mainly restricted to the most preserved forest remnants. Attempts to plant this species have had little success due to difficulties in seedling production and low seedling survival. We set up four trials aiming to identify the constraints of seedling production and outplanting. Under greenhouse conditions, we evaluated (i) pre-germination treatments and (ii) seedling response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In the field, we planted M. boaria saplings as well as saplings of the most abundant tree in our study site and recorded (iii) survival and height for 10 years. Finally, (iv) we quantified natural recruitment in an attempt to determine M. boaria regeneration niche. Germination varied from 13.1 to 29.2% among treatments. Depulped seeds stratified at 5 ºC showed the highest germination (29.2%). Shoot phosphorus concentration in AMF-treated seedlings was significantly higher (45%) than in non-inoculated seedlings. Survival of M. boaria saplings was similar to that of the most abundant tree in our study site, but their lower height suggested limited growth. We recorded low abundance of M. boaria seedlings in the field; therefore, we were unable to identify the characteristics of its regeneration niche. Reforestation activities should include seed depulping and stratification at 5 ºC to improve germination. The capacity of AMF to enhance nutrition should be evaluated under field conditions.

The earthquake and tsunami of 2010, triggered changes in the geomorphological and sedimentary dynamics along the coast of Pichilemu, in central Chile. These changes were evidenced through the retreat and erosion of sandy beaches and coastal sand dunes. Modification patterns were identified through analysis of satellite images prior to and after the earthquake/tsunami, and compared with records from geomorphological fieldwork carried out in 2004 that measured essential features of representative beach profiles in the headland bay beaches. The variability of beaches dominated by waves was analyzed. The results indicate that there is coastal erosion and a change in the sedimentary balance associated with the subsidence of the coast, and that four years after the earthquake/tsunami, after the erosive phase, a change in tendency towards progradation of sandy coastlines in the headland bay beaches can be observed

El terremoto y tsunami de 2010 generó cambios en la morfología y dinámica sedimentaria del litoral de Pichilemu, Chile central, evidenciado a través del retroceso y erosión de las playas arenosas y dunas. Se identificaron los patrones de modificación a través del análisis de imágenes satelitales anteriores y posteriores al terremoto/tsunami mencionado, comparando con registros geomorfológicos del año 2004. Se realizó trabajo de terreno para la observación de formas esenciales y medición de perfiles de playa representativos de la dinámica de las ensenadas estructurales (headland bay beach); se analizó la variabilidad del tipo de playa dominada por olas. Los resultados indican que existe erosión litoral y un cambio en el balance sedimentario asociado a la subsidencia de la costa, como también, que transcurridos cuatro años del evento extremo, luego de la fase erosiva, se observa un cambio tendiente hacia la progradación del litoral arenoso siguiendo el patrón dinámico típico de sistemas de ensenadas estructurales.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the capacity of the federal legal framework to govern financing of health institutions in the public sector through innovative schemes -otherwise known as functional integration-, enabling them to purchase and sell health services to and from other public providers as a strategy to improve their performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on indicators of normative alignment with respect to functional integration across public health provider and governance institutions, content analysis was undertaken of national health programs and relevant laws and guidelines for financial coordination. RESULTS: Significant progress was identified in the implementation of agreements for the coordination of public institutions. While the legal framework provides for a National Health System and a health sector, gaps and contradictions limit their scope. The General Register of Health is also moving forward, yet it lacks the necessary legal foundation to become a comprehensive tool for integration. The medical service exchange agreements are also moving forward based on tariffs and shared guidelines. However, there is a lack of incentives to promote the expansion of these agreements. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended to update the legal framework for the coordination of the National Health System, ensuring a more harmonious and general focus to provide functional integration with the needed impulse.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad del marco legal federal para gobernar el financiamiento de las instituciones públicas de salud mediante esquemas innovadores que les permiten comprar y vender servicios de salud de y a otros proveedores públicos, como una estrategia para mejorar su desempeño. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con base en indicadores de alineamiento normativo respecto de la integración funcional entre instituciones proveedoras públicas y de gobernanza, se analizó el contenido de los programas nacionales de salud y de leyes y lineamientos oficiales pertinentes para la coordinación financiera. RESULTADOS: Se identificó un avance considerable en la implementación de convenios para la coordinación de las instituciones públicas. No obstante, el marco legal en apoyo al Sistema Nacional de Salud y al sector salud muestra deficiencias y contradicciones que limitan su alcance, mientras que el Padrón General de Salud carece del sustento legal necesario para convertirse en una herramienta de amplio beneficio para la integración. Si bien los convenios de intercambio de servicios están avanzando con base en tarifas y lineamientos compartidos, se carece de incentivos que promuevan su expansión. CONCLUSIONES: Es recomendable actualizar el marco legal para la coordinación del Sistema Nacional de Salud, procurando un enfoque más armónico y general que impulse la integración funcional.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the capacity of the federal legal framework to govern financing of health institutions in the public sector through innovative schemes -otherwise known as functional integration-, enabling them to purchase and sell health services to and from other public providers as a strategy to improve their performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on indicators of normative alignment with respect to functional integration across public health provider and governance institutions, content analysis was undertaken of national health programs and relevant laws and guidelines for financial coordination. RESULTS: Significant progress was identified in the implementation of agreements for the coordination of public institutions. While the legal framework provides for a National Health System and a health sector, gaps and contradictions limit their scope. The General Register of Health is also moving forward, yet it lacks the necessary legal foundation to become a comprehensive tool for integration. The medical service exchange agreements are also moving forward based on tariffs and shared guidelines. However, there is a lack of incentives to promote the expansion of these agreements. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended to update the legal framework for the coordination of the National Health System, ensuring a more harmonious and general focus to provide functional integration with the needed impulse.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad del marco legal federal para gobernar el financiamiento de las instituciones públicas de salud mediante esquemas innovadores que les permiten comprar y vender servicios de salud de y a otros proveedores públicos, como una estrategia para mejorar su desempeño. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Con base en indicadores de alineamiento normativo respecto de la integración funcional entre instituciones proveedoras públicas y de gobernanza, se analizó el contenido de los programas nacionales de salud y de leyes y lineamientos oficiales pertinentes para la coordinación financiera. RESULTADOS: Se identificó un avance considerable en la implementación de convenios para la coordinación de las instituciones públicas. No obstante, el marco legal en apoyo al Sistema Nacional de Salud y al sector salud muestra deficiencias y contradicciones que limitan su alcance, mientras que el Padrón General de Salud carece del sustento legal necesario para convertirse en una herramienta de amplio beneficio para la integración. Si bien los convenios de intercambio de servicios están avanzando con base en tarifas y lineamientos compartidos, se carece de incentivos que promuevan su expansión. CONCLUSIONES: Es recomendable actualizar el marco legal para la coordinación del Sistema Nacional de Salud, procurando un enfoque más armónico y general que impulse la integración funcional.

In this paper an innovative tool is applied for the detection of electoral fraud by analyzing statistical distributions of the official results. With this aim a computational model is developed to describe the dynamics of an electoral campaign that conditions the individuals' political preferences. The agent-based model is built assuming that in a clean process the electoral outcome depends, essentially, on preferences subjected to the influence of social interaction and global information. In contrast, in order to simulate an electoral fraud the model is modified such that the voting behavior of the citizens is manipulated on election-day. The model is calibrated with data form the 2006 Mexican electoral campaign for the presidency, and the presence or absence of fraud is validated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, a non-parametric procedure. With information aggregated at the electoral district level, the simulation model rejects the existence of a large scale fraud where at least 5-6% of the total vote tally is manipulated in favor of a particular candidate.

En este artículo se desarrolla una técnica novedosa para la detección de fraudes electorales a partir del análisis estadístico de los resultados. Con este fin se describe un modelo computacional basado en agentes en el que la dinámica de una campaña electoral condiciona las preferencias partidistas de los individuos. El modelo se construye suponiendo que en un proceso limpio los resultados oficiales dependen, esencialmente, de preferencias partidistas que han sido sujetas a la interacción social y a la influencia de información global. En contraste, para simular la existencia de un fraude se manipula la voluntad de un conjunto de ciudadanos el día de las elecciones. El modelo se calibra con datos preelectorales de la contienda del año 2006 para la presidencia de México, y la presencia del fraude o su ausencia se valida mediante la prueba no-paramétrica de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Con la información utilizada, el modelo de simulación descarta la presencia de un fraude de gran magnitud en el que no menos del 5-6% del total de votos emitidos son manipulados.